Methods for treating heterotopic ossification

ABSTRACT

The invention features dosing regimens and pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration of palovarotene. The dosing regimens can reduce heterotopic ossification, reduce the number of flare-ups, and/or reduce the severity of flare-ups in subjects suffering from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present Patent Cooperation Treaty application claims priority to U.S. application No. 62/347,381 filed on Jun. 8, 2016, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Some patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) experience muscle, tendon, and/or ligament damage, e.g., soft tissue edema and muscle necrosis, especially concomitant with flare-up symptom onset. These spontaneous muscle, tendon, and/or ligament injuries, and those due to trauma, can lead to heterotopic ossification, can cause tremendous pain, and can incapacitate the affected person. There are no currently approved treatments for muscle, tendon, and/or ligament injury in FOP subjects that prevent heterotopic ossification.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention features dosing regimens and pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration of palovarotene.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (also known as myositis ossificans progressive, a disease characterized by damage to muscle tissue) characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3±2 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. In particular embodiments, during the non-quiescent period palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. For example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 3±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 12.5±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 6.0±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg. In another example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 4±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 15±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg. In still another example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 5±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 20±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs greater than 60 kg. In some embodiments, the amount administered during the quiescent period is 2±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 10±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs less than 20 kg. In any of the above methods, the daily loading dose is administered for a period of 20 to 40 days (e.g., 24±4 days, 28±4 days, 32±4 days, 36±4 days, or 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 days). In particular embodiments, the daily maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days (e.g., 21±7 days, 28±14 days, 42±14 days, 63±14 days, 72±12 days, or 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 58, 60, or 84 days). Optionally, at the end of 84 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the maintenance dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the maintenance dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, a daily loading dose of 20 mg is administered for 28 days, a daily maintenance dose of 10 mg is administered for 56 days and the amount administered during the quiescent period is 5 mg/day. In some embodiments, a daily loading dose of 15 mg is administered for 28 days and a daily maintenance dose of 10 mg is administered for 56 days and the amount administered during the quiescent period is 5 mg/day. Once the non-quiescent period has resolved, the subject can return to the lower level quiescent period dosing regimen.

In one embodiment, the invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by quiescent periods and non-quiescent periods, the method including: (i) administering 3.0+/−2.0 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, during quiescent periods, and (ii) administering an amount between 10 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and 20 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for from 84 to 140 days following the start of a non-quiescent period.

In one embodiment, the invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by quiescent periods and non-quiescent periods, the method including: (i) administering 5 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, during quiescent periods, and (ii) administering 20 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days followed by 10 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 56 days following the start of a non-quiescent period. In a further embodiment, the invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by quiescent periods and non-quiescent periods, the method including: (i) administering 5 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, during quiescent periods, and (ii) administering 20 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days followed by 10 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 84 days following the start of a non-quiescent period. In yet a further embodiment, the invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by quiescent periods and non-quiescent periods, the method including: (i) administering 5 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, during quiescent periods, and (ii) administering 20 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days followed by 10 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 112 days following the start of a non-quiescent period.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including during the non-quiescent period: (i) administering to the subject a loading dose in an amount of from 9 to 21 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, daily during a first time period and (ii) following the first time period, administering daily to the subject a maintenance dose of 40% to 60% of the amount administered in the loading dose. In some embodiments, the daily loading dose is 12.5±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose is 6.0±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg. In still other embodiments, the loading dose is 15±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg. In certain embodiments, the method of claim 39, wherein the loading dose is 20±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, the subject weighs greater than 60 kg. In any of the above methods, the loading dose is administered for a period of 20 to 40 days (e.g., 24±4 days, 28±4, days, 32±4 days, or 36±4 days, or 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 days). In particular embodiments, the maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days (e.g., 21±7 days, 28±14 days, 42±14 days, 63±14 days, 72±12 days, or 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 58, 60, or 84 days). Optionally, at the end of 84 days the maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the maintenance dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the maintenance dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing the severity of flare-ups or flare-up symptoms in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3±2 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. In particular embodiments, during the non-quiescent period the palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. For example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 3±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 12.5±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 6.0±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg. In another example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 4±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 15±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg. In still another example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 5±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 20±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs greater than 60 kg. In some embodiments, the amount administered during the quiescent period is 2±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 10±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs less than 20 kg. In any of the above methods, the daily loading dose is administered fora period of 20 to 40 days (e.g., 24±4 days, 28±4 days, 32±4 days, or 36±4 days). In particular embodiments, the daily maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days (e.g., 21±7 days, 28±14 days, 42±14 days, 63±14 days, or 72±12 days). Optionally, at the end of 84 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the maintenance dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments of the method the number of flare-ups is reduced in a subject or the frequency of flare-ups is reduced in a subject. Once the non-quiescent period has resolved, the subject can return to the lower level quiescent period dosing regimen.

In one embodiment, the invention features a method of reducing the severity of flare-ups or flare-up symptoms in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by quiescent periods and non-quiescent periods, the method including: (i) administering 3.0+/−2.0 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, during quiescent periods, and (ii) administering an amount between 10 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and 20 mg/day palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for from 84 to 140 days following the start of a non-quiescent period.

The invention features a method of reducing the flare-up rate in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3±2 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. In particular embodiments, during the non-quiescent period palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. For example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 3±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 12.5±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 6.0±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg. In another example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 4±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 15±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg. In still another example, the amount administered during the quiescent period can be 5±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period can include a daily loading dose of 20±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs greater than 60 kg. In some embodiments, the amount administered during the quiescent period is 2±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 10±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 5±1.0 mg daily. Optionally, for this dosing regimen the subject weighs less than 20 kg. In any of the above methods, the daily loading dose is administered for a period of 20 to 40 days (e.g., 24±4 days, 28±4 days, 32±4 days, or 36±4 days). In particular embodiments, the daily maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days (e.g., 21±7 days, 28±14 days, 42±14 days, 63±14 days, or 72±12 days). Optionally, at the end of 84 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the maintenance dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments of the method, the number of flare-ups is reduced in a subject or the frequency of flare-ups is reduced in a subject. Once the non-quiescent period has resolved, the subject can return to the lower level quiescent period dosing regimen.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject a first amount of a BMP signaling inhibitor and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. In some embodiments of this method, during the non-quiescent period the BMP signaling inhibitor, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period. In some embodiments, the BMP signaling inhibitor is an activin receptor-like 2 (ALK2) kinase inhibitor. In particular, the ALK2 kinase inhibitor is LDN-193189 (4-(6-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)-quinolone), LDN-212854 (5-[6-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinoline), dorsomorphin (6-[4-[2-(1-Piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine), K02288 (3-[(6-Amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-pyridinyl]-phenol), DMH-1 (4-[6-[4-(1-Methylethoxy)phenyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinoline), or ML-347 (5-[6-(4-Methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinolone).

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 20 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 10 to 20 kg, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 2.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 12.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 6 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 6 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 6 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 6 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 6 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 6 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 6 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 4 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs 60 kg or more, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 20 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 4 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 10 to 20 kg, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 1 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 3 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 3 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 3 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 3 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 3 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 3 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 3 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 2.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 12.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 6 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 6 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 6 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 6 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 6 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 6 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs 60 kg or more, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 4 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 7.5 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 7.5 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, the method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the 10 mg daily dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method including: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the 10 mg daily dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

The invention features a method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. Optionally, at the end of 56 days the 10 mg daily dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 84 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In some embodiments, at the end of 84 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 112 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease. In particular embodiments, at the end of 112 days the daily 10 mg dose is continued for an additional 28 days (i.e., a total of 140 days) if the subject continues to experience flare-ups or flare-up symptoms, or the 10 mg dose regimen is continued until the flare-ups or flare-up symptoms subside or cease.

In any of the above methods, the subject can be an adult. Alternatively, the subject can be a child or adolescent who has not achieved 90% skeletal maturity.

In any of the above methods, the method can further include administering to the subject an antihistamine (e.g., topically or systemically).

In any of the above methods, the method can further include administering to the skin of the subject an emollient.

In any of the above methods, the method can further include administering to the subject a corticosteroid, (e.g., topically or systemically).

As used herein, the term “heterotopic ossification” or “HO” refers to the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist. The HO can be caused by fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a rare genetic condition.

As used herein, the term “reducing the flare-up rate” refers to a reduction in the number or frequency of flare-ups in subjects undergoing treatment with palovarotene using the methods described herein in comparison to untreated subjects.

As used herein, the term “quiescent period” refers to time periods during which a subject with FOP is not experiencing a non-quiescent period.

As used herein, the term “non-quiescent period” refers to time periods during which a subject with FOP is experiencing a flare-up or is at risk of heterotopic ossification triggered by a flare-up or surgery.

As used herein, the term “reducing the severity of flare-ups” refers to an average reduction in one or more flare-up symptoms in subjects undergoing treatment with palovarotene using the methods described herein in comparison to untreated subjects.

As used herein, the term “reducing heterotopic ossification” refers to the average reduction in the amount of bone formed, or number of sites at which bone is formed, in soft tissue by subjects undergoing treatment with palovarotene using the methods described herein in comparison to untreated subjects.

As used herein, the term “flare-up” refers to symptoms related to a local inflammation at an anatomical site where HO is initiated. In FOP subjects a local flare-up is characterized by swelling, pain, erythema, warmth, stiffness and decreased range of motion preceding overt bone formation. Such local inflammation, and early stage lesions, can be associated with the presence and accumulation of innate immune cells, including mast cells that are thought to have an important role in inducing and initiating the HO formation process. As a consequence, the current standard of care for FOP patients includes systemic treatment with corticosteroids within 24 hours of the onset of a flare-up, with treatment continued for several days to reduce inflammation and pain. However, corticosteroids have not been shown to reliably prevent HO. Flare-ups are often injury induced and can include, for example, flare-ups following surgery to excise bone from a soft tissue in FOP subject. The methods described herein can be useful for the treatment of FOP following surgery.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a chart displaying flare-up outcomes from double-blind study including 40 subjects.

FIG. 2 is a chart displaying flare-up outcomes from open-label study including 27 subjects.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs showing a comparison of the volume of new heterotopic ossification between (i) episodic treatment of FOP patients (i.e., treatment during non-quiescent periods only and (ii) the treatment regimens of the present invention that include treatment during both quiescent and non-quiescent periods. Patients in the “Placebo/Untreated” group were treated with a sugar pill or untreated (28 patients). Patients in the “PVO Non-Quiescent Only” group were treated with either 20 mg palovarotene (PVO) daily for 28 days followed by 10 mg PVO daily for 56 days (47 patients) or 10 mg PVO daily for 14 days followed by 5 mg PVO daily for 28 days (9 patients). Patients in the “PVO Quiescent/Non-Quiescent” group were treated with 5 mg PVO daily during the quiescent period and with 20 mg PVO daily for 28 days (NQ loading dose) followed by 10 mg PVO daily for 56 days (NQ maintenance dose) following initiation of flare-up symptoms, i.e., initiation of a non-quiescent period (10 patients). FIG. 3A displays the three groups with the two “PVO Non-Quiescent Only” doses pooled, and FIG. 3B displays the two “PVO Non-Quiescent Only” doses as separate bars. FIG. 3B shows that doubling the amount of palovarotene administered only during non-quiescent periods had a small effect on the volume of new heterotopic ossification (i.e., 2,672 mm³ versus 2,216 mm³). In contrast, the amount of new heterotopic ossification was dramatically reduced when treatment included the administration of palovarotene during both quiescent and non-quiescent periods (i.e., 212 mm³).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention features dosing regimens and pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration of palovarotene. The dosing regimens can reduce heterotopic ossification, reduce the number of flare-ups, and/or reduce the severity of flare-ups in subjects suffering from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Previous clinical studies for the treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva using palovarotene were designed to provide acute therapy during non-quiescent periods with the assumption: (i) that new bone formation would largely occur only immediately following a flare-up; (ii) that treatment commencing within 7 days of the initiation of a flare-up would suffice to reduce or prevent heterotopic ossification; and (iii) that limiting treatment to periods of not more than 6 weeks would be sufficient to prevent heterotopic ossification. The rationale to provide flare-up based treatment is founded on the observation that FOP is a chronic disease characterized by episodes of acute flare-ups that result in new heterotopic ossification formation and progressively worsening disability. Interspersed with periods of flare-up activity (i.e., non-quiescent periods) are variable-length intervals of apparent disease quiescence in which clinical symptoms are not present, and during which it was not known whether bone formation was occurring or not.

These studies have shown that commencing treatment within 7 days of the initiation of a flare-up can be too late to significantly reduce heterotopic ossification as the bone formation process may be initiated before flare-up symptoms are recognized. Furthermore, the study results suggest that chronic treatment may be needed to ensure that the subject is benefitting from palovarotene treatment at the time when the bone formation process is being initiated, during and after the flare-up is initiated. Finally, the study results suggest that short term treatment (i.e., treatment limited to a 6-week period) can be insufficient as in some subjects as new heterotopic ossification was apparent after 6 weeks (but not seen during the treatment period).

Finally, we observed no adverse effects on the growth plate as detected by knee and hand/wrist radiographs in children undergoing the acute, 6-week treatment; suggesting that longer treatment regimens in children may be feasible.

The present invention can improve upon the earlier treatment protocols by (i) providing palovarotene administered chronically (i.e., daily) during quiescent periods; (ii) increasing the dosing level during non-quiescent periods following flare-ups; and (iii) extending the dosing duration during non-quiescent periods to reduce late-emerging new heterotopic ossification. Administering treatment daily during quiescent periods (e.g., 5 mg daily), with more intensive treatment at the time of a flare-up (e.g., higher dose administration of 20 or 10 mg daily, for 84, 112 or 140 days after initiation of a flare-up), can ensure exposure to palovarotene throughout the disease process, and can improve the treatment benefit for FOP patients.

I. Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

The dosing regimens of palovarotene described herein reduce muscle damage and heterotopic ossification in a subject with FOP. Palovarotene (also called 4-[(1E)-2-[5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-(1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-2-naphthalenyl]-ethenyl]-benzoic acid) is a retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) selective agonist having the structure:

In some embodiments, palovarotene is administered under the dosing regimens described herein to a subject with FOP. FOP is a rare, severely disabling disease characterized by painful, recurrent episodes of soft tissue swelling (flare-ups) and abnormal heterotopic ossification (HO) in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Flare-up symptoms, their progression and frequency in FOP patients have been described in detail (e.g. Pignolo, R. J. et al. J. Bone Miner. Res. 31, 650-656 (2016)).

In some embodiments, lesions begin in early childhood and lead to progressive ankyloses of major joints with resultant loss of movement. Prognosis is poor and median life expectancy is 40 years. FOP is caused by an activating mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, or activin receptor type 1A (ACVR1), also known as activin-like-kinase 2 (ALK2) type I receptor. Most patients with FOP have the same point mutation, R206H, termed classical FOP, although roughly 3% of patients have other mutations in the same gene. The prevalence is estimated at approximately 1 in 2 million individuals, with no geographic, ethnic, racial, or gender preference. Heterotopic ossification is episodic and cumulative throughout life, resulting in segments, sheets, and ribbons of extra bone developing throughout the body and across joints, progressively restricting movement. Rapidly growing bony spurs have been known to protrude through the skin causing pain and a risk of infections. Asymmetric HO in the rib cage and subsequent contralateral growth can lead to a rapid progression in spinal deformity and cause thoracic insufficiency syndrome. Ankyloses of the temporomandibular joints results in severe tooth decay and malnutrition.

As described in Example 3, the presence of muscle necrosis as detected by imaging may indicate an increased risk of HO formation. In addition, the presence of substantial muscle necrosis in some subjects observed in imaging performed within 7 days of flare-up symptom onset suggest that the process that ultimately leads to new HO formation may start before clinical symptoms are reported. Based on these observations, in some embodiments, it may be helpful to provide a non-flare-up based dosing in order to provide exposure to palovarotene when the process initiates, and before clinical symptoms are evident.

In some embodiments, periods of flare-up activity are interspersed with variable-length intervals of apparently quiescent disease in the absence of obvious clinical symptoms.

In a patient with FOP heterotopic ossification (HO) can be measured using a variety of methods known in the art including but not limited to low dose CT-scan imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray imaging. One clinically relevant measure of HO in FOP is the proportion of flare-ups in a patient with no new HO, the number of flare-ups or non-quiescent periods experienced by a patient over a given time-period that do not result in new heterotopic bone formation.

II. Pharmaceutical Composition and Formulation

For administration to a subject, palovarotene can be provided in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions. These pharmaceutically acceptable compositions include palovarotene and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for administration in solid or liquid form.

The palovarotene can be administered in neutral form (i.e., the free base or zwitterionic neutral form). Optionally, palovarotene may be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, such as a non-toxic acid addition salts or metal complexes that are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Examples of acid addition salts that could be used in the methods of the invention include organic acids such as acetic, lactic, pamoic, maleic, citric, malic, ascorbic, succinic, benzoic, palmitic, suberic, salicylic, tartaric, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, or trifluoroacetic acids or the like; polymeric acids such as tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, or the like; and inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid phosphoric acid, or the like. Metal complexes that could be used in the methods of the invention include calcium, zinc, and iron, among others.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition including palovarotene is prepared for oral administration. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated by combining palovarotene with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients. Such carriers and excipients enable the pharmaceutical composition to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, and suspensions, for oral ingestion by a subject.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oral use are obtained by mixing palovarotene and one or more carriers and excipients. Suitable carriers and excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In some embodiments, such a mixture is optionally ground and auxiliaries are optionally added. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are formed to obtain tablets or dragee cores. In some embodiments, disintegrating agents (e.g., cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate) are added.

When palovarotene is administered orally, a pharmaceutical composition containing palovarotene may be in unit dosage form (e.g., liquid or solid unit dosage form). The concentration and/or amount of palovarotene in the formulation may vary depending on, e.g., the dosage of palovarotene to be administration and the frequency of administration.

III. Therapy and Dosage

Palovarotene may be administered to a subject with FOP regardless of whether the subject is experiencing a flare-up. For example, a non-flare-up based dosing (i.e., administering palovarotene during quiescent periods) may provide the subject with exposure to palovarotene when the flare-up process initiates, and before clinical symptoms are evident. In some embodiments, palovarotene may be administered to a subject with FOP chronically (e.g., chronic daily treatment during quiescent and non-quiescent periods). In some embodiments, palovarotene may be administered to a subject with FOP chronically (e.g., chronic daily treatment during quiescent periods) and the dosage of palovarotene may be increased during flare-ups (e.g., acute daily treatment during non-quiescent periods, or for a period following initiation of a non-quiescent period from 84 days to 112 or 140 days in length during which there is risk of further heterotopic ossification).

The end of the non-quiescent treatment period is marked by a reduction in the risk of heterotopic ossification in some cases 84 days following the initiation of non-quiescent period treatment, i.e., 84 days following occurrence of flare-up symptoms. If a patient subject experiences persistent flare-up symptoms, the non-quiescent treatment period can be extended by, e.g., another 28 days or 56 days. During the non-quiescent period the subject can be treated with higher daily doses of palovarotene (i.e. loading doses and/or maintenance doses). At the end of the non-quiescent period, the subject can return to treatment with lower daily doses of palovarotene administered during quiescent periods. The determination about when to transition from non-quiescent dosing to quiescent dosing, i.e. the end of the non-quiescent period, depends upon, and can be defined by, the symptoms experienced by the subject, a determination that can be made in consultation with a subject's care provider or by the patient alone. In the dosing regimens of the invention, the subject can return to a non-quiescent dosing level after the subject has not experienced flare-up symptoms for at least 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, or 5 weeks consecutively.

In some embodiments 5 mg daily is administered to a subject during quiescent periods, 20 mg daily is administered for 28 days following initiation of a non-quiescent period followed by 10 mg daily for 56 days and returning to a dose of 5 mg per day if the patient is no longer experiencing any flare-up symptoms. Optionally treatment with 10 mg daily can be extended for an additional 28 days or 56 days if the patient continues to experience flare-up symptoms (i.e., the non-quiescent period persists).

Palovarotene dosing regimens of the inventions comprise administering a higher dose following initiation of a non-quiescent phase a loading dose e.g. 20 mg/day for 28 days followed by a maintenance dose e.g. 10 mg/day for 56 days and administering a lower dose during quiescent periods e.g. 5 mg/day. Adult loading doses for use in the treatment regimens of the invention are from 15 to 20 mg/day and maybe adjusted based on patient weight or palovarotene tolerability in a patient. Adult maintenance doses for use in the treatment regimens of the invention are from 7.5 to 10 mg/day and may be adjusted based on patient weight or palovarotene tolerability in a patient.

In some embodiments, palovarotene is co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents including, but not limited to, glucocorticoids for managing flare-up symptoms, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors and mast cell stabilizers, aminobisphosphonates, and imatinib mesylate (see Briggs et al., Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs 3:1137-1154 (2015) and Kaplan et al., Clin Proc Intl Clin Consort FOP 4:1-100 (2011)). In some embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease or condition as palovarotene. In some embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease or condition as palovarotene. In some embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired effect of palovarotene. In some embodiments, palovarotene and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In some embodiments, palovarotene and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In some embodiments, palovarotene and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In some embodiments, palovarotene and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

Typically, palovarotene is administered in the form of a dosage unit (e.g., tablet, capsule, etc.). In some embodiments, palovarotene is administered in a dose selected from 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg.

In some embodiments, the dose can be administered at intervals ranging from more than once per day (e.g., twice per day or three times per day) to once daily, for as long as needed to sustain the desired effect.

EXAMPLES Example 1—Flare-Up Outcomes

Sixty-seven flare-ups have been treated: 40 with double-blind medication (10 subjects received placebo, 9 subjects received palovarotene at 5 mg once daily for 2 weeks followed by 2.5 mg once daily for 4 weeks, and 21 subjects received palovarotene at 10 mg once daily for 2 weeks followed by 5 mg once daily for 4 weeks); and 27 received open-label palovarotene. Sixty-one of these 67 flare-ups have available results from post-baseline imaging (by low-dose CT scan). The results are summarized for the respective studies in FIGS. 1 and 2.

New HO was observed in 14 of 61 flare-ups, ten in the double-blind study and four in the open-label extension study. The majority of these flare-ups (10 of 14) resulted in new HO at the end of the 6-week treatment (Day 42), and four resulted in new HO at the end of the 6-week follow-up (Day 84).

Example 2—Palovarotene Dosing Regimen for Adult Cohort

Adult cohort includes individuals who have achieved at least 90% skeletal maturity irrespective of age. Individuals in the adult cohort received palovarotene (neutral form) at 5 mg once daily as a non-flare-up based treatment (e.g., during periods when symptoms of a flare-up were not present). This dosing regimen ensured that subjects were exposed to palovarotene when the HO process began, prior to the presence of clinical symptoms.

Individuals in the adult cohort who experienced a flare-up received increased dosing with palovarotene at 20 mg once daily for 28 days, followed by 10 mg once daily for at least 56 days (a total of 3 months treatment). Treatment was extended by 4-week increments if the flare-up was ongoing at the end of the original 3-months. When the flare-up had resolved, subjects returned to the non-flare-up based treatment of 5 mg. Ten individuals received this treatment (“PVO Quiescent/Non-Quiescent” treatment: 5 mg PVO daily during the quiescent period, and 20 mg PVO daily for 28 days (NQ loading dose) followed by 10 mg PVO daily for 56 days (NQ maintenance dose) following initiation of flare-up symptoms). Outcomes were compared to those of individuals treated with a sugar pill or untreated (“Placebo/Untreated”, 28 patients), and to individuals treated with either 20 mg palovarotene (PVO) daily for 28 days followed by 10 mg PVO daily for 56 days (47 patients) or 10 mg PVO for 14 days followed by 5 mg PVO for 28 days (9 patients) during a non-quiescent period (i.e., “PVO Non-Quiescent Only” group in FIG. 3A).

Assessment of new HO at the flare-up site was evaluated using x-ray, and low-dose CT imaging was employed as a secondary imaging assessment. Interpretation of the radiographs and CT scans included assessment for the absence or presence of new HO at the flare-up site compared with the baseline image, and the volume of new HO, if present. Performing both x-ray and CT scans of the flare-up site allowed for the selection of the most appropriate method for evaluation of HO, assisting with the design of subsequent studies. In order to ensure consistency and standardization, images were evaluated for the presence or absence of HO using two independent procedures, both of which were blinded to treatment group assignment. In the Primary Read process, two musculoskeletal radiologists independently compared baseline and post-baseline images within a single imaging modality.

The volume of new heterotopic ossification (HO), HO that occurred during the non-quiescent period, was assessed 12 weeks following initiation of treatment for the “Non-Quiescent Only” treatment group and 12 weeks after initiation of the 20 mg/day NQ loading dose in the “Quiescent/Non-Quiescent” treatment group. These data indicate that the “Quiescent/Non-Quiescent” treatment regimen further inhibits new bone formation after flare-ups. Relative to the “Placebo/Untreated” group the patients in the “Non-Quiescent Only” group had a 75% reduction in mean bone volume formation (new HO) and patients in the “Quiescent/Non-Quiescent” group had a 97% reduction in mean bone volume formation (new HO) (see FIGS. 3A and 3B). These data also show that “Quiescent/Non-Quiescent” treatment regimens of the invention greatly reduced mean bone volume formation (new HO) compared to “Non-Quiescent Only” treatment (i.e., only treating flare-ups in subjects).

Example 3—Palovarotene Dosing Regimen for Pediatric Cohort

Pediatric cohort includes individuals under 18 who have not achieved 90% skeletal maturity as determined by hand/wrist radiographs. Individuals in the pediatric cohort who experience a flare-up receive palovarotene (neutral form) at 20 mg once daily (or a weight adjusted equivalent dose as shown in Table 1) for 28 days, followed by 10 mg once daily (or a weight adjusted equivalent dose as shown in Table 1) for at least 56 days (a total of 3 months treatment). Treatment may be extended by 4-week increments if the flare-up is ongoing at the end of the original 3-months. In addition to treatment following flare-up symptoms, i.e., during a non-quiescent period, pediatric patients can be treated chronically during a quiescent period, (i.e., when the patient is not experiencing and flare-up symptoms or has not experienced flare-up symptoms within at least the last, e.g., 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 84 days) with between 2.5 and 5 mg paloverotene once daily.

TABLE 1 Weight-Adjusted Dosing Levels for Pediatric Patients (Under 18 and skeletal maturity ≤ to 90%) Weight Group Daily Daily NQ Daily (≤90% Non-quiescent Maintenance Quiescent (Q) Skeletal Maturity) (NQ) Loading Dose Dose Dose 10 to <20 kg 10 mg 5 mg 2.5 mg   20 to <40 kg 12.5 mg   6 mg 3 mg 40 to <60 kg 15 mg 7.5 mg   4 mg ≥60 kg 20 mg 10 mg  5 mg

Example 4—Safety Outcomes

The overall incidence of adverse events in the double-blind study described in Example 1 was 97.1% (33 of 34 subjects with available safety data), with dose-related increases across the treatment groups. There were also dose-related increases in the incidence and severity of retinoid-associated adverse events. Most retinoid-associated adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. The most frequently reported adverse events overall were dry skin (58.8%) and dry lips (32.4%). There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of treatment.

The findings were similar in the open-label study (described in Example 1) in which the overall incidence of adverse events was 92.3% (12 of 13 subjects). Retinoid-associated adverse events were reported by all subjects; most were mild (69.2%) in severity. The most frequently reported adverse events overall were dry skin (69.2%) and pruritus (61.5%). There were no dose reductions or discontinuations of treatment.

Example 5—Growth Plate Assessment

The effects of palovarotene on the growth plates were assessed. Daily palovarotene dosing reversed histologic growth plate abnormalities and shortened long bones observed in Prrx1-R206H mice. In this model, histologic analysis revealed significant reduction in the height of the growth plate hypertrophic zone, a region primarily responsible for long bone elongation. Palovarotene treatment preserved long bone growth and near-normalized growth plate organization and matrix deposition in Prrx1-R206H mice. These results suggest opposing effects of palovarotene on growth plate in normal and mutant (ACVR1 R206H) cells and tissues. Adverse effects of palovarotene in wild-type mice are in contrast with the beneficial effects observed in FOP mice.

Example 6—Alternative Dosing Regimens

For individuals experiencing tolerance problems, an alternative de-escalated dosing regimen can be employed as provided in Tables 2 and 3. The quiescent period (Q) dosing level is administered chronically during the quiescent period (e.g., when patient is not experiencing flare-up or to individuals who have not experienced flare-up symptoms for at least 4 weeks consecutively). The non-quiescent (NQ) dosing level is administered during non-quiescent period. Non-quiescent period (NQ) loading dose is administered for 20 to 40 days (e.g., 21 to 30 days, or 28 days) following initiation of a flare-up (e.g., within 7 days of patient experiencing one or more symptoms of flare-up). The NQ maintenance dosing level is administered immediately following the NQ loading dose for a period of at least 56 days and can be extended beyond 56 days in 4 week increments, e.g., 4, 8 or 12 weeks, if patient's flare-up symptoms persist until symptoms of flare-up resolve.

TABLE 2 Dosing Levels for Adult Patients Adult Weight Group Daily Daily NQ Daily (>18 or <18 with >90% Non-quiescent Maintenance Quiescent skeletal maturity) (NQ) Loading Dose Dose (Q) Dose Standard Adult Dosing 20 mg 10 mg 5 mg De-escalated 15 mg 10 mg 5 mg Adult Dosing 1 De-escalated 10 mg 10 mg 5 mg Adult Dosing 2 De-escalated 15 mg 7.5 mg  4 mg Adult Dosing 3

TABLE 3 Weight-Adjusted Dosing Regimens for Children (Under 18 and skeletal maturity ≤ to 90%) Daily Daily Daily NQ Quiescent Weight Group (≤90% Non-quiescent Maintenance (Q) Skeletal Maturity) (NQ) Loading Dose Dose Dose 10 to <20 kg Regimen 10 mg 5 mg 2.5 mg   10 to <20 kg De- 7.5 mg  3 mg 1 mg Escalation Regimen 20 to <40 kg Regimen 12.5 mg   6 mg 3 mg 20 to <40 kg De- 10 mg 5 mg 2.5 mg   Escalation Regimen 40 to <60 kg Regimen 15 mg 7.5 mg   4 mg 40 to <60 kg De- 12.5 mg   6 mg 3 mg Escalation Regimen ≥60 kg Regimen 20 mg 10 mg  5 mg ≥60 kg De-Escalation 15 mg 7.5 mg   4 mg Regimen

Other Embodiments

While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth.

All publications, patents, and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Other embodiments are within the following claims. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3±2.0 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein during the non-quiescent period the palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 3±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 12.5±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 6.0±1.0 mg daily.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 4±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 15±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 5±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 20±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the subject weighs greater than 60 kg.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 2±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 10±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 5±1.0 mg daily.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the subject weighs less than 20 kg.
 11. The method of any one of claims 2-10, wherein the daily loading dose is administered for a period of 20 to 40 days.
 12. The method of any one of claims 2-11, wherein the daily maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein at the end of 84 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days if the subject continues to experience flare-ups.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein a daily loading dose of 20 mg is administered for 28 days, a daily maintenance dose of 10 mg is administered for 56 days and the amount administered during the quiescent period is 5 mg/day.
 15. The method of claim 12 wherein a daily loading dose of 15 mg is administered for 28 days, a daily maintenance dose of 10 mg is administered for 56 days, and the amount administered during the quiescent period is 5 mg/day.
 16. A method of reducing the severity of flare-ups in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3±2 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein during the non-quiescent period the palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 3±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 12.5±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 6.0±1.0 mg daily.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 4±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 15±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg.
 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 5±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 20±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the subject weighs greater than 60 kg.
 24. The method of claim 16, wherein the amount administered during the quiescent period is 2±0.5 mg daily and the amount administered during the non-quiescent period comprises a daily loading dose of 10±1.0 mg daily and a daily maintenance dose of 5±1.0 mg daily.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the subject weighs less than 20 kg.
 26. The method of any one of claims 17-25, wherein the daily loading dose is administered for a period of 20 to 40 days.
 27. The method of any one of claims 17-26, wherein the daily maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein at the end of 84 days the daily maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days if the subject continues to experience flare-ups.
 29. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising during the non-quiescent period: (i) administering to the subject a loading dose in an amount of from 9 to 21 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, daily during a first time period and (ii) following the first time period, administering daily to the subject a maintenance dose of 40% to 60% of the amount administered in the loading dose.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the daily loading dose is 12.5±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose is 6.0±1.0 mg daily.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the loading dose is 15±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose of 7.5±1.0 mg daily.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg.
 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the loading dose is 20±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose of 10±1.0 mg daily.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the subject weighs greater than 60 kg.
 36. The method of claim 29, wherein the loading dose is 10±1.0 mg daily and the maintenance dose of 5±1.0 mg daily.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the subject weighs less than 20 kg.
 38. The method of any one of claims 29-37, wherein the loading dose is administered for a period of 20 to 40 days.
 39. The method of any one of claims 29-38, wherein the maintenance dose is administered for at least a period of 14 to 84 days.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein at the end of 84 days the maintenance dose is continued for an additional 28 days if the subject continues to experience flare-ups.
 41. The method of any one of claims 1-40, wherein the subject has not achieved 90% skeletal maturity.
 42. The method of any one of claims 1-41, further comprising administering to the subject an antihistamine.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the antihistamine is administered topically.
 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the antihistamine is administered systemically.
 45. The method of any one of claims 1-41, further comprising administering to the skin of the subject an emollient.
 46. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject a first amount of a BMP signaling inhibitor and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 2-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein during the non-quiescent period the BMP signaling inhibitor, is initially administered in a daily loading dose of 3.5-fold to 6-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period followed by a daily maintenance dose of 2-fold to 3-fold the amount administered daily during the quiescent period.
 48. The method of claim 46 or 47, wherein the BMP signaling inhibitor is an activin receptor-like 2 (ALK2) kinase inhibitor.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the ALK2 kinase inhibitor is LDN-193189 (4-(6-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)-quinolone), LDN-212854 (5-[6-[4-(1-piperazinyl)phenyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinoline), dorsomorphin (6-[4-[2-(1-Piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine), K02288 (3-[(6-Amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-pyridinyl]-phenol), DMH-1 (4-[6-[4-(1-Methylethoxy)phenyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinoline), or ML-347 (5-[6-(4-Methoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-quinolone).
 50. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 20 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 51. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 10 to 20 kg, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 2.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 52. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 12.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 6 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 53. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 4 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 54. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs 60 kg or more, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 20 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 55. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 4 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 56. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 10 to 20 kg, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 1 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 3 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 57. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 20 to 40 kg, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 2.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 58. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs from 40 to 60 kg, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 3 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 12.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 6 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 59. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, wherein the subject weighs 60 kg or more, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 4 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 7.5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 60. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 61. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 15 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days.
 62. A method of reducing heterotopic ossification in a subject with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characterized by a quiescent period and a non-quiescent period, said method comprising: (i) during the quiescent period administering daily to the subject an amount of 5 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) during the non-quiescent period administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for 28 days, followed by administering daily to the subject 10 mg of palovarotene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for at least 56 days. 